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Готовимся к ЕГЭ

continued from No. 7

II. Тренировочные упражнения для выполнения заданий по грамматике и лексике

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THE AGE OF CHIVALRY
Edward III and his eldest son, the Black Prince,
were _______ admired in England for their
________ on the battlefield and for their courtly manners. They became symbols of the “code of chivalry”, the way in which a perfect knight should behave. Edward introduced the idea of chivalry into his court. Once, a lady at court _______ dropped her garter (подвязка) and Edward III noticed some of his courtiers laughing at her. He picked up the garter and tied it to his own leg, saying in French “Let him be ________ who sees wrong in it.” From this strange yet ______true story, the Order of the Garter was founded in 1348. Edward chose as members of the order 24 knights, the same number the __________ Arthur had chosen. They met once a year at Windsor Castle, where King Arthur’s Round Table was supposed to have been. Chivalry was a ______ way of persuading men to fight by creating the idea that war was a noble and ______ thing.


GREAT
COURAGEOUS


ACCIDENT


SHAME
PROBABLE


LEGEND

USE

GLORY

THE CRISIS OF KINGSHIP
During the 14th century, towards the end of the Middle Ages, there was a ___________ struggle between the king and the nobles. The first crisis came in 1327 when Edward II was ___________ murdered. Towards the end of the 14th century Richard II was the second king killed by___________ lords. He had made himself extremely _____________ by his choice of advisers. This was always a difficult matter, because the king’s advisers became ___________ and those not chosen lost influence and wealth. Some of Richard’s strongest critics had been the most _________ men in the kingdom. King Richard II was young and very ________.
He ____________ his uncle, John of Gaunt, who was the ____________ noble of his time.


CONTINUE

CRUEL

AMBITION
POPULAR

POWER

INFLUENCE
PRIDE
PRISON
WEALTH

THE REFORMATION
The Church was a huge landowner, and the monasteries were no longer important to economic and social ___________ in the way they had been two hundred years earlier. In fact they were __________ because many monks no longer led a good __________ life but lived in wealth and comfort. Henry __________ the power of the Church in England because, since it was an __________ organization, he couldn’t completely control it. Henry had another reason for standing up to the authority of the Church. Henry tried to persuade the pope to allow him to divorce Catherine of Aragon. __________, Henry needn’t have expected any __________. His chief minister, Cardinal Wolsey, had already been ________ in advising on Henry’s foreign and home policy. But the pope was controlled by the king of Spain who was Catherine’s nephew. The pope forbade Henry’s divorce. Henry was extremely angry and the first person to feel his _________ was Cardinal Wolsey. Wolsey only escaped _________ by dying of natural causes on his way to the king’s court.



GROW
POPULAR
RELIGION
LIKE
NATIONAL



NORMAL
DIFFICULT
SKILL



ANGRY
EXECUTE

THOMAS JEFFERSON
Jefferson was entrusted with the actual writing of the Declaration of Independence due to his ______ writing style, his personal character and his ______ of the political spirit of the time. It took Jefferson 2 days to complete the draft using, as he said later, neither book nor pamphlet. Adams and Franklin made minor ______ and the document was submitted to Congress. “All men are created equal”, – the document proclaimed, – “with the right to life, liberty
and the pursuit of ______”, adding that
“the _____ derive their powers only by the consent of the governed.” On July, 2, the delegates of the Congress resumed their debate on becoming free and independent states. By the end of the day the resolution for ____ was adopted. Two days later on July, 4, 1776, after making only a few changes the ____ Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.


POWER
EMBODY


ALTER


HAPPY
GOVERN


SEPARATE

CONTINENT

ALEXANDER FLEMING
Having witnessed the death of many soldiers from septicemia resulting from infected wounds, after the war Fleming _________ searched for anti-bacterial agents. Unfortunately antiseptics killed the patients’ immunological defences __________ than they killed the invading bacteria. “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to ________ all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria ___________,” Fleming would later say, “But I guess that was
exactly what I did.” By 1928, Fleming had developed a reputation as a brilliant _____________, but quite a ____________ lab technician; he often forgot cultures that he worked on, and his lab in general was usually in chaos. After returning from a long holiday, Fleming noticed that many of his culture dishes were contaminated with a fungus, and he threw the dishes in disinfectant. But subsequently, he had to show a ___________ what he had been researching, and so he retrieved some of the submerged dishes that he would have otherwise discarded. He then noticed a zone around an invading fungus where the bacteria could not seem to grow. Fleming proceeded to isolate an extract from the mouldy bread, correctly identified it as being from the Penicillium genus, and therefore named the agent penicillin. Fleming published his ________ in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but little attention was paid to his article. Fleming continued his _________, but found that cultivating penicillium was quite difficult, and that after growing the mould, it was even more difficult to isolate the antibiotic agent. Fleming’s _________ was that because of the problem of producing it in quantity, and because its action appeared to be rather slow, penicillin would not be important in _______________
infection. Fleming also became convinced that penicillin would not last long enough in the human body
to kill bacteria _____________. Many clinical tests were ____________, probably because it had been used as a surface antiseptic. In the 1930s, Fleming’s trials occasionally showed more promise and he continued, until 1940, to try and interest a ________ skilled enough to further refine usable penicillin.



ACTIVE

EFFECTIVE

REVOLUTION
KILL


RESEARCH
CARE




VISIT






DISCOVER

INVESTIGATE


IMPRESS


TREAT


EFFECTIVE
CONCLUDE


CHEMISTRY

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Shakespeare bought a house in Stratford, called New Place in 1597. While, ____________, he returned there from time to time to visit his family, he finally retired there in 1613. Close by is the house of his son-in-law Dr. Hall – a ________ and well-known physician, married to Shakespeare’s daughter Susanna. In their society, and with the respect and ___________ of all those around, his life appears to have come ________ to an end. His will, written about a month before he died, gives in his ________ one of the few scraps of his handwriting of which we can be certain. He died on his birthday April, 23, 1616 and was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-on-Avon. The marvelous ____________
of his plays, the _____________ and
_________ he depicted, the fun and laughter have helped millions of people of all races to make some sense of their lives. Through the extraordinary ________ of his poetry it is possible to find in the seeming chaos of our world a __________ order.


PRESUME


PROSPER

ADMIRE
PEACE
SIGN



BROAD
MISERABLE
CRUEL

BEAUTIFUL

REASSURE

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
(1856–1950)
George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin in 1856,
although he left the city forever and moved to London
when he was twenty. His early education was
musical rather than ____________ (his mother was a ___________) and it was as a music critic that he first became known. However, his first play “Widower’s Houses” was published in 1893 and for the next thirty years he wrote 63 plays. George Bernard Shaw was one of the ________ of the Fabian Society (a non-revolutionary socialist organization) which was dedicated to reforms in education and to the _________ of women. His plays
are _________for their entertaining
_______ of the social problems. His best comedies of ideas are still performed in theatres today and seem to have stood the test of time. Shaw died aged 94. He is the only person to have been awarded both the Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938). These were awarded for his _______ to literature and for his work on the film “Pygmalion”, _______.





LITERATURE
SING


FOUND


LIBERATE
REMARK
EXPOSE




CONTRIBUTE
RESPECTIVE

“PYGMALION” AND “MY FAIR LADY”
The ancient Greeks tell the legend of the ________ Pygmalion, who created a statue of a woman of such great beauty that he fell in love with his own ________. Then Aphrodite, taking pity on this man whose love could not reach beyond the barrier of stone, brought the statue to life and gave her to Pygmalion as his bride. Centuries later George Bernard Shaw captured the magic of this legend in his ________ romantic play “Pygmalion”. Pygmalion became Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics, his statue Eliza Doolittle, a common flower girl from the streets of London, and the barrier between them the ________ in their stations in life. “My Fair Lady” is a ________ based upon George Bernard Shaw’s “Pygmalion” with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The show’s 1956 Broadway _______ was a smash hit. An Oscar winning film version was made in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn (Eliza Doolittle) and Rex Harrison (Professor Higgins).

SCULPTURE

CREATE




CELEBRATE


DIFFER
MUSIC


PRODUCE

ELIZABETH I
Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII’s second wife, Anne Boleyn. Anne Boleyn had been executed because she was _____ Anne Boleyn’s fall marked a major step down in the world for young Elizabeth. Her parents’ ______ was declared null and void. She was now ______ and unable to inherit the throne. Elizabeth’s sudden _______ of status threw the little court
where she had been brought up into ______. Even her _______, Lady Bryan, didn’t know what to do, and wrote to the King’s minister, Thomas Cromwell, for _______. How should the little girl be treated? By the way, could she please have some more clothes? She’d outgrown _______ everything she had. But above all, where should she eat? Should she continue to eat in her chamber, where it would be easier to keep her away from the rich foods that were so bad for her teeth and ________.



FAITH
MARRY
LEGITIMATE
LOSE

CONFUSE
GOVERN
GUIDE

ABSOLUTE



DIGEST

BREAK WITH ROME
Henry VIII governed England through his close _______, men who were completely ___________ on him for their position. But when he broke with Rome, he used Parliament to make the break legal. Through several Acts of Parliament England became _________ a Protestant country. Once England had accepted the __________ from Rome Henry took the English Reformation a step further. Wolsey’s place as the king’s chief minister was taken by one of his __________, Thomas Cromwell. Henry and Cromwell made a ___________ survey of Church property.

ADVISE
DEPEND


POLICY
SEPARATE


ASSIST
CARE

QUEEN MARY
Mary, the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, became queen in 1553. But Mary was __________ and
unbending in her policy and in her __________. If Mary married an Englishman she would be under control
of a man of lesser ______________. If she married a __________ it might place England under foreign control. Mary chose to marry King Philip of Spain. It was a(n)________________ choice. The ordinary people __________ the marriage. Popular feeling was so strong that a rebellion in Kent __________ reached London before ending in _________. Mary dealt cruelly with the rebel leader, Wyatt, but she took the _________ step of asking Parliament for its opinion about her marriage plan. Parliament _________ agreed to Mary’s marriage, but it only accepted Philip as king of England for Mary’s lifetime.


WISE
BELIEVE

IMPORTANT
FOREIGN

FORTUNE
LIKE
ACTUAL
FAIL
USUAL

WILLING

THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
When Elizabeth became queen in 1558, she wanted to find a ___________ answer to the problems of the English Reformation. She wanted to bring together those parts of English society which were in religious ____________. And she wanted to make England _____________. Elizabeth made sure that the Church was still under her authority, __________ politically dangerous forms of Protestantism in Europe.
The struggle between Catholics and Protestants continued to __________ Elizabeth’s position for the next thirty years.
By 1585 the Catholic plots and the dangers of Catholic foreign __________ had changed people’s feelings. Most English people believed that to be a Catholic was to be an enemy of England. This _________ of everything Catholic became an important political force.


PEACE

AGREE
PROSPER

LIKE


DANGER

INVADE

HATE

CLAUDE MONET
During the __________ of 1870–1871 Monet fled, first to London, where he studied the art of Constable and Turner, then to Holland and Belgium, where he was interested ___________ in landscape. On his return to France Monet’s style changed ___________: he dissolved the object. He demonstrated that colour belongs not to the object but the moment of visual experience. This was hard for his _________ to accept.
_________ Monet studied the effects of light and colour on the façade of Rouen Cathedral. In 1895 he exhibited 18 views of the façade and two other views of the Cathedral. Monet’s moments had, in the process of ___________, become the work of art. Dazzling as the cathedral paintings are, Monet was discouraged by the __________of registering with his hand what he saw with his eyes.

ORDER


CHIEF
RADICAL


CONTEMPORARY
SYSTEM


PAINT

POSSIBLE

POMPEII
Pompeii was an ancient ___________ country town near Naples in ___________ Italy. It was destroyed, when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD. Pompeii and its ____________ were suffocated beneath the falling ash, although the town was____________ preserved for centuries under _____________ layers of mud and vegetation. In 1748 ____________ began reclaiming Pompeii. The town appears to have been moderately ____________ and every house was decorated with wall paintings. Artwork found in Pompeii is known as Campanian Art, and is ___________ of all
__________ Italian painting at the time.

ROME
WEST
INHABIT

PERFECT
SUCCEED
ARCHEOLOGY
WEALTH

REPRESENT
SOUTH

VAN GOGH
Van Gogh discovered his _________ vocation in 1880. Vincent lived and painted in the Netherlands until 1885, producing dark images of peasants that emphasized their ________. In 1888 van Gogh settled in Arles in the south of France, but the years 1888-90 were ________ for him. He quarreled with Paul Gauguin, with whom he had hoped to set up an artists’ ________, and cut off his own ear. Subsequently he spent time in an asylum at St. Remy before moving to Auvers to be near his brother, who supported him ___________ all his life.
Van Gogh was a __________ tortured individual and this is reflected in the _______ of his work.
He became ________ with the power of colour as a symbol and evolved his own style of great swirling brushstrokes. The version of Sunflowers was painted during van Gogh’s stay in Arles before his decline into ________. The entire canvas is based on broad, _________ painted areas of yellows and browns.

ART


HARD
ORDER

COOPERATE


FINANCE
PSYCHOLOGY
INTENSE
OBSESS


SANE
THICK

KEY:

The Age of Chivalry
greatly
courage
accidentally
ashamed
probably
legendary
useful
glorious
The Crisis of Kingship
continuous
cruelly
ambitious
powerful
influential
proud
imprisoned
wealthiest
The Reformation
growth
unpopular
religious
disliked
international
normally
difficulty
skilful
anger
execution
Thomas Jefferson
powerful
embodiment
alterations
happiness
governments
separation
continental
Alexander Fleming
actively
more effectively
revolutionize
killer
researcher
careless
visitor
discovery
investigation
impression
treating
effectively
inconclusive
chemist
W. Shakespeare
presumably
prosperous
admiration
peacefully
signature
breadth
misery
cruelty
beauty
reassuring
G. B. Shaw
literary
singer
founders
liberation
remarkable
exposition
contribution
respectively
Pygmalion and My Fair Lady
sculptor
creation
celebrated
difference
musical
production
Elizabeth I
unfaithful
marriage
illegitimate
loss
confusion
governess
guidance
absolutely
digestion
Break with Rome
advisers
dependent
politically
separation
assistants
careful
Queen Mary
unwise
beliefs
importance
foreigner
unfortunate
disliked
actually
failure
unusual
unwillingly
The English Reformation
peaceful
disagreement
prosperous
unlike
endanger
invasion
hatred
Claude Monet
disorder
chiefly
radically
contemporaries
systematically
painting
impossibility
Pompeii
Roman
western
inhabitants
perfectly
successive
archeologists
wealthy
representative
southern
Van Gogh
artistic
hardships
disorderly
cooperative
financially
psychologically
intensity
obsessed
insanity
thickly
 

Source:

1. David McDowal. An Illustrated History of Britain. Longman, 1995

2. Peter Bromhead. Life in Modern America. Longman, 1995

Compiled by Yuliya Levitskaya ,
School No. 1262, Moscow